Ecatl (MH484r)

Ecatl (MH484r)
Simplex Glyph

Glyph or Iconographic Image Description: 

This is a black-line drawing of the simplex glyph for Ecatl, which literally means air or breath. This is attested as a man's name. The visual, however, refers to the divine force or spirit of the wind, Ehecatl. It shows a face in profile, facing to the viewer's right, and the face has duck-bill-like protrusions where the mouth is. A diagnostic black line (face paint or tattoo) runs down the figure's cheek.

Description, Credit: 

Stephanie Wood

Added Analysis: 

A great many glyphs in this collection start with Eca- when Eheca- might be expected, given the iconography. The black line (face paint?) across this man's face is a diagnostic for Ehecatl, the divine force or deity of the wind. The lack of reduplication of the first syllable in the man's name by itself is not unusual. Ecatl can mean air or breath, while ehecatl is the usual way of writing wind. Wind has a notable importance in Nahua religion, often preceding the rain that was so essential for temporal agriculture. Ehecatl was a day sign in the 260-day divinatory calendar (tonalpohualli), which meant it ended up as a personal name for many people.

The shortening of the name from "Ehecatl" to "Ecatl" could have been a strategic effort to disguise the deity name, possibly a response to the edict of 1540 prohibiting the naming of Nahua children after deities. [See Norma Angélica Castilla Palma, "Las huellas del oficio y lo sagrado en los nombres nahuas de familias y barrios de Cholula," Dimensión Antropológica v. 65 (sept.-dic. 2015), 186.] Castilla also mentions how there were pressures to stop using names from the tonalpohualli, and this led to the dropping of the number that would have accompanied the day name. Such a number is absent here. So the whole result is a lessening of the sacred aspects, perhaps a type of resistance to colonialism.

The second sun on the Aztec sun stone has a much more elaborate representation of the wind; this epoch was ruled by Quetzalcoatl. The second sun was destroyed by hurricanes and the people were turned into monkeys.

For other images of Ehecatl and more information about his shape and that of Quetzalcoatl, see Mexicolore. One of the pre-Columbian statues devoted to the wind gives him a monkey's body but the same buccal mask (large point above the mouth or beak) as we see in this glyph. A type of hummingbird has the name ecahuitzilin, which shows another possible connection between the divine force associated with the wind and birds. But the ecahuitzilin seems to have coloring that is different from the visual in this glyph.

Gabrielle Vail and ‎Christine Hernández (Re-Creating Primordial Time, 2013, ) describe Ehecatl as the wind aspect of Quetzalcoatl, and they note that Ehecatl "wears a buccal (duck) mask through which to blow wind." That the "beak" may have been perceived as a blowing device is supported by the glyph for Pitztli (below).

Added Analysis, Credit: 

Stephanie Wood

Gloss Image: 
Gloss Diplomatic Transcription: 

hecatl

Gloss Normalization: 

Ehecatl

Gloss Analysis, Credit: 

Stephanie Wood

Date of Manuscript: 

1560

Creator's Location (and place coverage): 

Huejotzingo, Puebla

Syntax: 
Cultural Content, Credit: 

Xitlali Torres

Keywords: 

wind, air, breath, aire, viento, aliento

Glyph or Iconographic Image: 
Relevant Nahuatl Dictionary Word(s): 

eca(tl), breath/air, https://nahuatl.wired-humanities.org/content/ecatl
eheca(tl)/Ehecatl, divine force/deity, wind, https://nahuatl.wired-humanities.org/content/ehecatl

Glyph/Icon Name, Spanish Translation: 

El Viento

Image Source: 

Matrícula de Huexotzinco, folio 484r, World Digital Library, https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdcwdl.wdl_15282/?sp=47&st=image

Image Source, Rights: 

This manuscript is hosted by the Library of Congress and the World Digital Library; used here with the Creative Commons, “Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License” (CC-BY-NC-SAq 3.0).

Historical Contextualizing Image: