Tzocotl (MH829r)

Tzocoyotl and Xocoyotl seem to be the same term with different spellings, and we know that Xocoyotl refers to birth order. So, perhaps Tzocotl has some relationship to the meaning of Xocoyotl. Incidentally, a tzontli was also a tied hank of hair, but here it is a bundle of tribute goods. Four hundred, of course, is a vigesimal quantity, and the Nahuas had a vigesimal (root of 20) numerical system. A gloss on another example of tzontli (a case of 10 tzontli, or 4,000) refers to the items as "ramitos" (little branches in Spanish). Likewise, a century ago, 400 small pieces of firewood were bundled in what was called a tzontle, a Nahuatl loan in Spanish. (See: Paul Carpenter Standley, Trees and Shrubs of Mexico - Part 1, 1926, 806.) This may support the reading that this numeration called a tzontli could have a visual association with branches or trees. Some signs for tzontli do look like the laurel or pine branches (acxoyatl) that were part of religious rituals. Nigel Davies (Human Sacrifice, 1981, 218), in fact, called a tzontli sign a "fir tree." Zelia Nuttall (in a volume of anthropological papers called Boas Anniversary Volume, published by Berthold Laufer in 1906, 296) refers to the bundles of 400 as containing either "sticks" or "hair." Some of the tzontli glyphs across this collection, such as the example here, do look like upright bundles of sticks that are bound around the middle. A binding like the one on this glyph above also appears in the Matrícula de Huexotzinco in a glyph for Tzompan, below.

Another common visual associated with the word tzontli involves large locks of hair or even strings of hair from the head. "Hair" is often the translation for tzontli into English. This word for hair and the word for 400 would therefore serve as homonyms. Similarly, speaking of 400 tzontles, four hundred corn cobs (Calixta Guiteras Holmes, Perils of the Soul, 1961, 47), is another case where the tzontli is simply a numeration and does not reflect upon the object being counted. So, the conclusion is that a sign for 400, like all of them, whether branches, sticks, or hair, will have the role of a phonogram.